Ing. Ladislav Sieger, CSc.

Outdoor breathing trials with simulated avalanche snow are fundamental for the research of the gas exchange under avalanche snow, which supports the development of the international resuscitation guidelines. However, these studies have to face numerous problems, including unstable weather and variable snow properties. This pilot study examines a mineral material perlite as a potential snow model for studies of ventilation and gas exchange parameters. Thirteen male subjects underwent three breathing phases—into snow, wet perlite and dry perlite. The resulting trends of gas exchange parameters in all tested materials were similar and when there was a significant difference observed, the trends in the parameters for high density snow used in the study lay in between the trends in dry and wet perlite. These findings, together with its stability and accessibility year-round, make perlite a potential avalanche snow model material. Perlite seems suitable especially for simulation and preparation of breathing trials assessing gas exchange under avalanche snow, and potentially for testing of new avalanche safety equipment before their validation in real snow.

This paper presents Rocket Experiment (REX) that was part of a dual-payload rocket campaign for NASA’s sounding rocket Black Brant IX with water recovery technology. This mission was a suborbital sounding rocket flight that was launched and recovered on April 4, 2018 and targeted the Vela supernova remnant. The purpose of REX was to classify the Technology Readiness Level of onboard devices designed for space applications. The devices were two wide-field X-ray telescopes consisting of a combination of Lobster-Eye (LE) optics with an uncooled Timepix detector (256 px × 256 px @ 55 μm), and additional sensors. The first telescope uses a two-dimensional combination of LE modules with a focal length of 1 m and a Field of View (FOV) of 1.0◦ × 1.2◦ and operates in the energy range of 3 – 60 keV. The second telescope was a one-dimensional LE with a focal length of 243 mm and a FOV of 2.7◦ × 8.0◦ for the energy range 3 – 40 keV. The X-ray telescopes were supplemented by a camera in the visible spectrum with 1.280 px × 1.024 px resolution, which was used to obtain images of the observed sources and to verify the resulting pointing of the rocket carrier. Other devices also include infrared array sensors and inertial measurement units tested for future small satellite missions. The data handler and communication system were built using the Robot Operating System, and both the system and the electronics were deployed and operated in-flight. The hardware was successfully recovered after the launch and the data were extracted

Terrain experiments for avalanche survival research require appropriate snow conditions, which may not be available year round. To prepare these experiments and test the protocol, it might be advantageous to test them in a laboratory with a snow model. The aim of the study was to find a material that can be used to simulate snow for studying gas exchange of a person covered with avalanche snow. Three loose porous materials (perlite, wood shavings and polystyrene) were tested in two forms—dry and moisturized. Each volunteer underwent six phases of the experiment in random order (three materials, each dry and moisturized) during experimental breathing into the tested materials. Physiological parameters and fractions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the airways were recorded continuously. All the materials selected as possible models of the avalanche snow negatively affected gas exchange during the breathing of the volunteers in a very similar extent. The time courses of the recorded parameters were very similar and were bordered from one side by the wet perlite and from the other side by the dry perlite. Therefore, other tested materials may be substituted with perlite with an appropriate water content. From all the tested materials, perlite is the best to simulate avalanche snow because of its homogeneity, reproducibility and easy manipulation.

A series of carba- or oxa[5]-, [6]-, [7]-, and [19]helicene (di)thiols was prepared. The Miyazaki-Newman-Kwart rearrangement of (dimethylcarbamothioyl)oxy (oxa)helicenes in a flow reactor or nucleophilic substitution of dichloro (oxa)helicenes with alkanethiolates were used in the sulfanylation step. Despite the high temperatures employed in this key step, no conformational scrambling was observed during the asymmetric synthesis of the diastereo- and enantiopure oxahelicenes. Single-molecule conductivity of the longest oxa[19]helicene dithiol derivative was studied by the scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction method.

Avalanche burials represent one of the most dangerous risks associated with winter activities in the mountains. Asphyxiation occurs as a consequence of blocked airways; or, due to a severe hypoxia and hypercapnia resulting from rebreathing previously exhaled gas. Recently, outdoor breathing experiments with healthy volunteers were conducted in order to investigate the gas exchange limitations and work of breathing effects on the probability of survival under avalanche snow. Ambient conditions during the experiments differ significantly from the recommended operating conditions of the medical devices. Therefore, special measures need to be applied during the experiments not only to assure proper functioning of the devices used for the monitoring of the breathing subjects, but also ensuring their required precision and accuracy. As the subject starts to suffer from hypoxia and hypercapnia short after beginning of the breathing trial, careful and detailed monitoring and advanced safety precautions must be adopted. Using our experience from real outdoor breathing trials, we aim to recommend both the technical and medical precautions that should be undertaken in future studies.

This paper presents the results of in-orbit commissioning of the first Czech technological CubeSat satellite of VZLUSAT-1. The 2U nanosatellite was designed and built during the 2013 to 2016 period. It was successfully launched into Low Earth Orbit of 505 km altitude on June 23, 2017, as part of international mission QB50 onboard a PSLV C38 launch vehicle. The satellite was developed in the Czech Republic by the Czech Aerospace Research Centre, in cooperation with Czech industrial partners and universities. The nanosatellite has three main payloads. The housing is made of a composite material which serves as a structural and radiation shielding material. A novel miniaturized X-Ray telescope with lobster-eye optics and an embedded Timepix detector represents the CubeSat’s scientific payload. The telescope has a wide field of view. VZLUSAT-1 also carries the FIPEX scientific instrument as part of the QB50 mission for measuring the molecular and atomic oxygen concentration in the upper atmosphere.

Lobster eye X-ray optics in the one dimensional (1D) arrangement has advantages in higher reflectivity, especially for higher energies, compared to classical two dimensional (2D) Schmidt’s arrangement. One dimensional optics can determine only one direction of the incoming beam. There is placed a strip in front of the optics for determining of the second direction. This strip is made of X-ray proof material which blocks the incoming beam and thus causes a gap in the line. Based on these facts, it is possible to determine the position of each point source which has enough signal to gap ratio. Unfortunately, the intensity of sources is not possible to assess by this method.

This article describes the temperature measurement and its calibration on board of the nanosatellite CubeSat class VZLUSAT-1. There are several thermometers, installed with an analogue and a digital output, which are necessary for the accurate measurements calibrations under a vacuum condition or for applying post-processing corrections. This document describes the way of calibration in a thermal vacuum chamber and its improvement in orbit. In addition, the paper will discusses the use of a RTD platinum sensors Pt1000 and a digital sensors HYT271 as the reference. A correction variable based on HYT271 compensates a nonlinearity of Pt1000 as well as minimise the influence of change in a measuring current due to temperature changes. The current correction variable is a function of temperature and nanosatellite’s position in the orbit. The measured temperatures are below -70 ◦C in the Earth’s shadow and greater than +80 ◦C after irradiation by the Sun. Orbital temperature calibration is performed in two steps. The raw temperatures data obtained during the orbital measurement are being used for further improvement. The measurement cycle consists of the electronics calibration, temperature measurement and temperature calibration. After applying the temperature correction process, the final accuracy is better than, 0.15 ◦C

The thermal dependence of the semiconductor detector is one of the critical properties. This manuscript describes changes in the threshold scans, equalisation and its verification for the particle counting pixel detector Timepix. The Timepix detector family has great potential for use not only in space, i.e. for small satellite (CubeSat) missions, but also in many other areas like medicine, material testing or particle colliders (i.e. Large Hadron Collider). In this case, several experiments were performed with the Timepix detector under the vacuum conditions as well as ambient conditions with the thermal stabilisation at several temperatures in a range from -15 ◦C to +80 ◦C. This paper describes the early experimental results of the chip temperature dependence. The detector equalisation and validity of the original equalisation dependently on different temperatures is examined. The changes in the detector could cause the errors and shifts of the detection limit for low-energies.

The gas exchange and work of breathing in avalanche burial victims have been a subject of numerous field experiments with healthy volunteers. The vital sign monitors used in monitoring of subjects during these experiments have to work in non-standard ambient conditions, outside the programmed physiological limits and may affect the accuracy of the measurements. In order to assess the reliability of pulse oximetry as a monitoring method of experimental subjects, we used five different pulse oximeters to monitor 12 healthy volunteers during a trial, in which they were breathing into simulated avalanche snow. In the course of the trial when desaturation occurred, we observed significant discrepancies in oxygen saturation readings among the oximeters—in the rate of desaturation, and in the lowest recorded values. These observations suggest that relying on a single parameter which is SpO2 as a study endpoint, or as a safety measure, may present a possible safety risk. In future avalanche trials, endpoints should be set on the basis of more parameters and continuous clinical assessment.

The first current results of an outgassing monitor on board of the first Czech CubeSat launched into Earth's orbit are presented in this article. VZLUSAT-1 was launched in June 2017 as a technological satellite and is still operating in LEO orbit. A newly developed carbon fibre reinforced plastic, which can be used as a radiation shield, is one of the tested items on board. The amount of outgassing of is one of the critical properties for space applications. Water vapour is the largest part of matter outgassed from mounted composites and other components. Thus a novel monitoring device based on several types of humidity sensors was proposed to be used on board of the VZLUSAT--1 nanosatellite as one of the payloads. This paper presents the responses of these sensors and discussed their applicability in space environment.

The technological CubeSat VZLUSAT‐1 was launched in June 2017, and carries a number of scientific and commercial experiments aboard. Several of them are focused on in‐orbit investigation of a novel carbon‐fiber composite developed by the 5 M company; examination of residual liquid evaporation, change of eigenfrequencies of the material due to aging, and shielding abilities against cosmic radiation. The quality of shielding is evaluated from a comparative measurement between three channels with different shielding. Each channel contains a calibrated biased PIN (p‐type, intrinsic, n‐type semiconductor regions) diode as the radiation sensor, which is sensitive to radiation in the 6–80 keV energy range. Preliminary results from the in‐orbit measurements are presented in this paper.

In this paper are described possibilities how to ennoble the surface of mandrels. These mandrels are designed for preparing X-ray optics using the galvanic replication method. The crucial parameter for this method is the microroughness of the optical surface, because it determines the efficiency of reflection in considered energy range. There were tested two methods how to improve the surface - cleaning by high frequency plasma and threating by an ion beam. The quality of prepared surface was evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray reflectometer.

This paper focuses on a theoretical background that motivated the experimental campaign of multiple layer coatings of X-ray mirrors, and the first results of the testing of the prepared samples. Simulations of the use of different overcoats were performed in order to improve the reflectivity of thin iridium coatings designed for X-ray optics effective in the energy up to 10 keV. Samples based on these simulations were prepared and are being tested for the properties that influence the X-ray optical performance, such as layer homogeneity, density and surface micro-roughness. Further the topic of the coating stress was addressed, as it is an issue in case of thin, lightweight X-ray mirrors and affects the time stability of layers. The discussion and preliminary results conclude our contribution.

The health monitoring (HM) system placed on VZLUSAT‐1 nondestructively measures the mechanical and thermal properties of the newly developed carbon fiber material for space usage. The carbon material is exposed to the vacuum, radiation, and temperature changes in space. It can be used as a substitute for the currently used aluminum alloys because it has lower mass density and better mechanical properties compared to aluminum. The HM payload evaluates the quality changes of a material according to the difference in Young's modulus. Young's modulus of elasticity is a characteristic property of every solid material, and on VZLUSAT‐1 it is measured in terms of the eigenfrequencies of a free‐hanging beam. In this paper we present the first data measured in orbit – the eigenfrequencies, attenuation, and six temperatures from a carbon fiber panel. Based on these data, the quality of the mechanical properties and time stability are determined over the VZLUSAT‐1's life span.

Wolter I optics are commonly used for imaging in X-Ray spectrum. This system uses two reflections, and at higher energies, this system is not so much efficient but has a very good optical resolution. Here is another type of optics Lobster Eye, which is using also two reflections for focusing rays in Schmidt's or Angel's arrangement. Here is also possible to use Lobster eye optics as two one dimensional independent optics. This paper describes advantages of one dimensional and two dimensional Lobster Eye optics in Schmidt's arrangement and its data processing - find out a number of sources in wide field of view. Two dimensional (2D) optics are suitable to detect the number of point X-ray sources and their magnitude, but it is necessary to expose for a long time because a 2D system has much lower transitivity, due to double reflection, compared to one dimensional (1D) optics. Not only for this reason, two 1D optics are better to use for lower magnitudes of sources. In this case, additional image processing is necessary to achieve a 2D image. This article describes of approach an image reconstruction and advantages of two 1D optics without significant losses of transitivity.

X-ray monitoring for astrophysical applications mainly consists of two parts - optics and detector. The article describes an approach based on a combination of Lobster Eye (LE) optics with Timepix detector. Timepix is a semiconductor detector with 256×256 pixels on one electrode and a second electrode is common. Usage of the back-side-pulse from an common electrode of pixelated detector brings the possibility of an additional spectroscopic or trigger signal. In this article are described effects of the thermal stabilisation, and the cooling effect of the detector working as single pixel.

Development of iridium coated silicon X-ray mirrors for Lobster Eye astronomical telescopes Content X-ray optics. Current state and mission Used technologies Grazing incidence mirrors Hybrid optics Coating process and layers properties Conclusion Aknowledgements. X-ray optics Current orbital missions Chandra, XMM Newton Wolter I system VZLUSAT-1 Lobster eye imaging system. Hybrid optics Schmidt's and Kirkpatrick-Baez arrangement

This paper presents a hard X-ray telescope for the Vela nebula observation during a sounding rocket flight. The Water Recovery X-ray Rocket (WRX-R) experiment is organised by the Pennsylvania State University (PSU), USA with a primary payload of a soft X-ray spectroscope. The Czech team developed a hard X-ray Lobster-eye telescope as a secondary payload. The Czech experiment's astrophysical object of study is the Vela pulsar in the centre of the Vela nebula.

The X-ray imaging is usually done by Wolter I telescopes. They are suitable for imaging of a small part of the sky, not for all-sky monitoring. This monitoring could be done by a Lobster eye optics which can theoretically have a field of view up to 360deg. All sky monitoring system enables a quick identification of source and its direction. This paper describes the possibility of using two independent one-dimensional Lobster Eye modules for this purpose instead of Wolter I and their post-processing into an 2D image. This arrangement allows scanning with less energy loss compared to Wolter I or two-dimensional Lobster Eye optics. It is most suitable especially for very weak sources.

We report on our work of minimizing the microroughness of replicated grazing incidence X-ray optics. Ion beam and RF sputter cleaning was used as surface treatment and we compare its effects in the article. Vacuum deposition of smoothing layers was also used for minimizing the microroughness. The surfaces were measured by atomic force microscopy and X-ray reflectometry. Microroughness less than 0,5 nm RMS and Ra was achieved.

The paper directly follows on from the prior research on the dynamic biometric signature (DBS), its properties, security, its resistance to forgery, and its stability. In our experiments, we used all the available pads produced by Signotec, which differ from each other in terms of their design, the size of the signature field, resolution, sampling rate, and even the scanning method used-a regular pen or a special pen using the ERT (Electromagnetic Resonance Technology). A less heterogenous sample was used than in the previous cases, as the objective of the experiments was to demonstrate a potential change in the DBS connected with the use of a different device, nevertheless the size of the sample means it is sufficiently statistically representative. The results showed that irrespective of the device used, the stability of scanning of the dynamic biometric signature was high for each person. The signature variability did not significantly differ between the devices for individual people. Once again it was confirmed that the use of the first signature as a "trial", not included in the results, reduces the signature variability for each participant. Keywords-dynamic biometric signature; biometric data of the signature; stability of the dynamic biometric signature; dynamic biometric signature capture device

The synthesis of a series of oxa [9]-, [11]-, [13]-, [17]- and [19]helicenes composed of ortho/meta annulated benzene/pyridine and 2H-pyran rings was performed. It was based on the CoI (or RhI or Ni0) mediated double, triple or quadruple [2+2+2] cycloisomerisation of branched aromatic hexa-, nona- or dodecaynes allowing the construction of 6, 9 or 12 rings in a single operation. The use of a flow reactor was found beneficial for the multicyclisations. The stereogenic centres present in some of the oligoynes steered the helical folding in such a way that the final oxa [9]-, [13]-, [17]- and [19]helicenes were obtained in both enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure form. Specifically, oxa[19]helicenes top the current record in the length of a helicene backbone. Single-molecule conductivity using the mechanically controllable break- junction method was studied with pyrido-oxa[9]helicene.

In the field of X-ray detection for Astrophysics there are mainly two objectives; first is to create 2D images as a result of sensing radiation by detectors consisting of a pixels matrix and the second is a spectral analysis of the incident radiation. For spectral analysis, the basis is usually the principle of diffraction. This paper describes the new design of X-ray spectrometer based on Timepix detector with optics positioned in front of it. The advantage of this setup is the ability to get the image and spectrum from the same devices. With other modifications is possible to shift detection threshold into areas of soft X-ray radiation.

This paper directly follows on from prior research into DBS, the properties of DBS, security, its resistance to forgery and its stability. Experiments under stress situations, conducted during a survival course at the University of Defence of the Czech Republic, are described herein. It was shown that a handwritten signature developed by way of long-term practice and the reinforcement of a dynamic stereotype, consisting of the physiological, anatomical and motoric properties of each and every individual, becomes automatic to such an extent that the subconscious appending of a signature protects it from outside influences to a similar degree as we proved in the past in relation to alcohol. The experiments also identified that shorter signatures (abbreviated signature, initials) show very high variability of conformity and non-conformity between individual signatures. It was proven that the quality of recognising a signature rises with the length of the information written down. It was also again confirmed that the use of a 1 st signature as “practice”, not included in the results, reduced the variability of signatures among all participants.

We compare the methods of ion beam etching/milling and RF sputter cleaning with regard to their application in production of grazing incidence X-ray optics. We studied its effects on smooth surfaces and its potential for achieving low microroughness. The sample surfaces were measured by atomic force microscopy and X- ray reflectometry.

This article describes method of measurement mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites in space. New material structures are specifically designed for use on space satellites. Composite structures will be exposed to cosmic radiation in Earth orbit on board of a '2U CubeSat' satellite. Piezoelectric ceramic sensors are used for detection mechanical vibrations of composite test strip. A great deal of attention is paid to signal processing using 8-bit microcontroler. Fast Fourier Transformation is used. Fundamental harmonic frequencies and damping from on-board measurements will serve as the input data for terrestrial data processing. The other step of elaboration data is creation of the physical model for evaluating mechanical properties of Carbon composite-Piezoelectric ceramic system. Evaluation of anisotropic mechanical properties of piezoelectric ceramics is an interesting secondary outcome of the investigation. Extreme changes in temperature and the effect of cosmic rays will affect the mechanical properties and durability of the material used for the external construction of satellites. Comparative terrestrial measurements will be performed

This poster talks about evaporation measurement on orbit. This payload is placed onboard of Nanosatellite VZLUSat-1. There are described humidity sensors and results of their calibration for space environment.

This poster talks about measurement of Carbon fibre material, which is tested on orbit on nanosatellite VZLUSAT-1. There are described process of measurements and their results.

This poster talks about measurement of radiation shielding. Quality of shielding is important for longterm application on orbit.

Biometric authentication methods are increasingly proving to be a sensible compromise between the demands on the user and/or the authentication tools without reducing the level of security. Dynamic biometric signature (DBS) systems record data from the handwritten signature using special tools which enable an analysis of both the static and dynamic properties associated with the typical behaviour of the signing individual.

Biometric authentication methods are increasingly proving to be a sensible compromise between the demands on the user and/or the authentication tools without reducing the level of security. Dynamic biometric signature (DBS) systems record data from the handwritten signature using special tools which enable an analysis of both the static and dynamic properties associated with the typical behaviour of the signing individual.

Presence of an air pocket and its size play an important role in survival of victims buried in the avalanche snow. Even small air pockets facilitate breathing. We hypothesize that the size of the air pocket significantly affects the airflow resistance and work of breathing. The aims of the study are (1) to investigate the effect of the presence of an air pocket on gas exchange and work of breathing in subjects breathing into the simulated avalanche snow and (2) to test whether it is possible to breathe with no air pocket. The prospective interventional double-blinded study involved 12 male volunteers, from which 10 completed the whole protocol. Each volunteer underwent two phases of the experiment in a random order: phase “AP”—breathing into the snow with a one-liter air pocket, and phase “NP”—breathing into the snow with no air pocket. Physiological parameters, fractions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the airways and work of breathing expressed as pressure-time product were recorded continuously. The main finding of the study is that it is possible to breath in the avalanche snow even with no air pocket (0 L volume), but breathing under this condition is associated with significantly increased work of breathing. The significant differences were initially observed for end-tidal values of the respiratory gases (EtO2 and EtCO2) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) between AP and NP phases, whereas significant differences in inspiratory fractions occurred much later (for FIO2) or never (for FICO2). The limiting factor in no air pocket conditions is excessive increase in work of breathing that induces increase in metabolism accompanied by higher oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. The presence of even a small air pocket reduces significantly the work of breathing.

The primary objective of the project VZLUSAT-1 is the development, manufacturing, qualification and experimental verification of products and technologies in Earth orbit (IOD – In-Orbit Demonstration). This work addresses the issue of X-ray monitoring for astrophysical applications. The proposed wide-field optical system has not been used in space yet. The proposed novel approach is based on the use of 1D "Lobster eye" optics in combination with Timepix X-ray detector in the energy range 3 - 40 keV. The proposed project includes theoretical study and a functional sample of the Timepix X-ray detector with multifoil wide-field X-ray "Lobster eye" optics. Using optics to focus X-rays on a detector is the only solution in cases the intensity of impinging X-ray radiation is below the sensitivity of the detector, e.g. while monitoring astrophysical objects in space, or phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere. On board the functions and features of Radiation Hardened Composite Housing (RHCH), Solar panels based on composite substrate and Hollow Retro Reflector Array based on composite (HRRA) will be verified. To verify the properties of the developed products the satellite is equipped by Health Monitoring system (HM). HM system includes temperature, volatiles, radiation and mechanical properties sensors. The custom ADCS algorithms are being developed within the project. Given the number of IOD experiments and the necessary power the 1U CubeSat is equipped with Composite Deployable Panels (CDP) where HM panels and additional Solar panels are located. Satellite platform is assembled from commercial parts. Mission VZLUSAT-1 is planned for 6 months with launch in 2016.

Security of objects from the perspective of technical and legislative. EZS, EPS, CCTV, goods protection, CCTV systems, CMS, protection of classified information, protection of network buildings infrastructure.

Communication focuses on selected aspects related to the development trends of modern security environment, in terms of requirements on the ability of people and their preparation for fulfilling the functions and tasks. It explains comprehensive approaches and models that can be applied in preparing professionals and managers to perform tasks, decisions and actions effectively in a modern, evolving security environment. It submits selected experiences and knowledge of the application of these approaches in practice preparation

Overview of physiological possibilities of a man. The case reports are documented border possibilities of the human body.

This paper describes the outcome of internship at the faculty of science and engineering, Hosei University in summer 2014. The goal of the project is to design a measuring system of aging properties of a carbon fiber reinforced composite in space. The project is a part of the nano-satellite project at Czech Technical University in Prague, scheduled to be launched in 2016. The measurement environment In space is different from the standard measurements performed on the ground in laboratory. The system design specification has a large constraint in size, weight and power consumption by the limit of space probes. To meet these requirement, the basic measuring system of the mechanical damping characteristics of the carbon fiber composite is designed in this internship project. A damping oscillator to simulate the response of the target material has been assembled and measuring parameters arc optimized. The optimized algorithm has been implemented in the chip to be launched on the space orbit.

This paragraph deals with selected issues related to trends in the education of professionals for modern security environment. It presents some principals connected with developing of training models of professional soldiers and commanders.

This paragraph deals with selected issues related to trends in the education of professionals for modern security environment. It presents some principals connected with developing of training models of professional soldiers and commanders.

Overview of physiological possibilities of a man. The case reports are documented border possibilities of the human body.

This work addresses the issue of X-ray monitoring for astrophysical applications. The proposed wide-field optical system has not been used in space yet. The proposed novel approach is based on the use of 1D "Lobster eye" optics in combination with Timepix X-ray detector in the energy range 3-40 keV. The proposed project includes theoretical study and a functional sample of the Timepix X-ray detector with multifoil wide-field X-ray "Lobster eye" optics. Using optics to focus X-rays on a detector is the only solution in cases the intensity of impinging X-ray radiation is below the sensitivity of the detector, e. g. while monitoring astrophysical objects in space, or phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere. The optical system could be used in a student rocket experiment at University of Colorado. Ideal opportunity is to extend the CubeSat of Pennsylvania State University with the hard X-ray telescope demonstrator consisting of an optical module and Timepix detector.

Overview of the development of technical civilization in the 20th century, the development paradoxes

It was annual meeting of Czech and foreign workers, engaged in a long-term research in polar regions, especially in the Arctic and Antarctic. This meeting creates conditions for systematic scientific work of Czech experts and connects the scientific community working in the Arctic and Antarctic (members of Academy of Sciences, universities, research institutes and employees of National parks etc.) with similar institutions abroad. The Czech Republic focusses its scientific activities in the Arctic and Antarctic. They are automatically affiliated to the international scientific associations dealing with the coordination of scientific research in the polar regions.

Limits of starvation. Caloric content of food. Starvation technique.

Cortisol, along with other hormones of hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenal axis, belongs to one of the main factors influencing psychological and pathognomic factors, intelligence, and memory.

The article describes how virtually simple approaches based on chemical and physical principles allow us to survive in hostile conditions. General considerations are illustrated by examples.

The aim of this arcticle is to inform compactly about gained observations, about researches and new information used for first aid rescue. The article describes some avalanche accidents in the world, problems with survival time, asfyxia, hypothermia and hypercapnia in avalanche.

Water and temperature characteristics. Thermal comfort.

Overview of different ways of fire starting.

Navigation for yachting. Maps, methods of navigation, float, lighthouse, drift, IALA, navigations rules

The trainers - psychologists of Special physical preparation training course of University of Defence Brno, present findings and experience of the army professionals competences development in process of coping with their limits and extreme stress.

Manual of NAVTEX, world service of navigation meteorological warnings. Description of communications protocol and application.

Textbook for navy radiooperator course of mobile radiocommunication service certificate.

Water disinfection and biological contamination. Survey artical

The work deals with changes of insulation characteristics of web for sleeping bags after a long term use. Measured were more than 100 sleeping bags made by different manufacturers comparing characteristics of a new bag with a similar one used for a long time (4 to 7 years). Insulation characteristics of web decrease over years of usage. The result of the work is a diagram showing how the insulation characteristics of web for sleeping bags change over time.

54 hours driving of car simulator without foot, drink and sleeping. Continual measured pfysiological values were: body temperature, ECG, EEG, biochemical values of blood and urine.

Radio communication textbook for skipper for NON-SOLAS boat.

Overview of different methods of heat generation. Catalytic heater, crystallization...

Hibler technigue is a method for rewarming of hypothermic people. Use energy of hot water for rewarming of cold body core.

The article deals with a practical application of Hibler's pack az a method of rewarming of hypothermia body in emegency circumstances. It is active way or rewarming when we are giving a heat to hypothermia person from external source.

Short videomovie ilustrated severe hypothermia state of victim. Hypothermia originate overall cooling on the organism.

In contemporary medicine, many systems used for diagnostics, such as X-ray (roentgenography), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other imaging systems, utilise different frequency bands of electromagnetic spectrum. Nevertheless, infrared electromagnetic band has not been used recently due to the lack of suitable and accessible infrared image sensors. The IR imaging technique still remains a research method rather than a common investigation technique, even though it was introduced into medicine more than 50 years ago. Since novel technologies offer high-performance image infrared sensors for a reasonable price, the possibility of frequent infrared imaging in medicine becomes possible and accessible. The study summarises recent development in IR imaging sensors and describes the current possible applications of infrared imaging in the clinical practice.

Chemical and Physical methods for water disinfection. Boiling, vacuum bottle, iodine, chlorine and alternative methods for water disifection

Radar navigation textbook. Description of Raymarine C70 radar. Princip of radar imaging, test questions

Five days dehydratation and seven days starving in hot conditions.

Hypothermia does not occur only during work in polar areas. In the case of both middle and severe hypothermia medical care is required. This paper focuses on the classification of hypothermia according to the central body temperature and typical central body temperature curves in the process of chilling. Temperature curves represent the result of a number of practical experiments.

Temperature characteristics of water, evaporation, hypothermia,

The article deals with a comparison of typical process of temperature curve of overcooled human organism and its next reversion to normal condition. It is trying to explain an apparent paradox, when hardy people warm themselves up after racing in icy water and they don't have to heat themselves up. In comparison with this fact, with overcooled man, we have to handle with care (very much.) Many measuring were carried out, which were trying to simulate being in cold water by saving on the boat, possibly, overcooling in the mountains , or in the element disasters. Measured was the man 44 years old, one 175 centimetres tall with the weight 76 kilograms. The temperature was taken down during the measurement (rectal temperature, foot temperature, trunk temperature- liver, arms temperature) ,frequency of heartbeating and blood pressure.

The article describes establishment of the group of Biomedical Engineering at the Department of Physics at the CTU, its operation, main research orientation and subjects being lectured.

Mechanismus of hypothermia in sea accident.

In the last several years, many new infrared thermometers for distant measuring patients' temperature have appeared. The interest in the method mentioned in the article by the SARS disease in Asia several years ago. The contactless measurement of the temperature has been used at airports as a quick screening method to uncover possibly diseased passengers. The article offers essential information about the principle idea as well as the limitations of that kind of temperature measurement and also about other applications.

The febril convulsion is a state that affects approximately 2% of population up to the age of 6. The convulsions which causes unconsciousness and suffocation of children occurs after a sudden increase of the body temperature to 38-40°C. A thermometer with a radio transmission of information for monitoring instant temperature of child is described in the article. The course of the temperature increase is recorded into the internal memory.