Ing. Stanislav Bouček

This paper compares concrete outputs of linear and nonlinear estimation of operating variables of selected part of primary circuit of nuclear power plant. The goal is assess both approaches to improve the quality of predicative ability of output validated information, including increasing their robustness. These methods can bring benefits of increased operational safety and validations of energy balance.

The chapter describes main specifications of nuclear power plants and difference between this types and non-nuclear power plants. The main specification of cooling system is given. Also control and safety systems and rules of nuclear power plant are described. Explained are main regulatory programs and dynamics of systems. At the end of chapter is description of new types of nuclear reactors in the research.

One of the conditions of safe and reliable operation in technologically complex systems is collection, processing and analysis of relevant objective and quality information about state values. Objectivity of gained procedural information is closely associated with activity of measuring chain. Monitoring of process quantities is necessary for both information gathering and for the control purposes and safety and emergency system decisions. The reliability of data acquisition can be ensured by redundancy principles together with diversification, but this approach can also bring a range of problems by means of security faults formation. This paper deals with the measured data validation by their significant errors selection, dispersion and systematic errors reduction.

Process quantities monitoring is necessary for information proposes as well as for control proposes and safety and emergency systems decisions. Mainly the systems ensuring important operations security require a high reliability and received input data precision. The data supply reliability can be ensured by redundancy principles together with diversification but this approach can also bring a range of problems by means of security faults formation, e.g. reasonless process tripping, mainly in the field of limit operational conditions. Here the measured values can go to the protections setting area due to high measured values dispersion or due to uncompensated system failures. The data specifying (validation) can be performed by more methods to reflect reality as much as possible and to reduce errors. Apart from technical measures (precise sensors, converters and other measuring chain components, compensation elements) it is possible to use different SW optimization methods.

The worldwide problem to secure new, economical and reliable electrical energy sources concerns also the Czech Republic. The Czech power sector therefore search for new solutions to secure these demands. One of the solutions acceptable in the society and politics is the contruction of new nuclear blocks. There are two potential localities - Temelín and Dukovany. Both localities are proven from the viewpoint of seismic stability, amount of cooling water supply, good traffic accessibility, experienced operational background. There should be two construction stages. The first stage includes two Temelín blocks construction and the second stage includes the Dukovany fifth block construction. There can be a problem with power outlet from Temelín because of construction troubles for a new overhead line going 120 km to the substation Mírovka which is given by an insufficient legislation in the Czech Republic in comparison to other EU states.

Large technology systems failures might have unpleasant influence on the environment. The technology system protections are based on diversification and multiplication. Data acquisition and adjustment equipment is very important part of the system, e.g. data channels including sensors, amplifiers and unified signal convertors. The main error sources in this chain are sensors. This part of the system can cause false protection system reaction in both the normal and anomalous operation states. These requests lead to the need of measured data validation. The paper presents various methods of measured data validation and mathematical models for validation testing and verification.

The Czech Republic also looks for suitable solutions with regard to the worldwide problem to ensure new and economically tolerable electrical energy sources in the following years. One of the priority and established solutions at us is the nuclear power engineering. An easygoing acceptance of this alternative can be helped by ensuring high safety and reliability during the whole fuel cycle.

The paper is focused on the present and future state of the nuclear power engineering in the world and especially in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic, similarly to the most of countries, must solve the power engineering development problem not only with respect to fossil fuels costs but also with respect to the energy and thereby economical dependence. The solution is without doubt also nuclear power plants - energy sources respected by the most of our population, safe and economical. In the paper there are mentioned some data in the graphical or table form connected with the nuclear power engineering.

In the technologic processes in the power plants data are measured with measurement uncertainty. The measurement uncertainty is to be minimized. The one of possible strategies is cooperation among the modeled system and original system. This practice is used in synthetic control process for example. In the power system control process is used technology called interpolating information of measured data (data validation). Application of data validation causes advancement in safety and hardy. Validated data has consistent information value, since they offer valid date according to required criteria. The data are consistent according both measured and modeled rules. This processed data are valuable inputs into control and information systems. The differences between estimated and original data can be used to detect malfunction of both the technologic process and the measuring system.

In the paper there is outlined the nuclear energy utilization future, present reactors development and perfection and the next reactor generation development, mainly so-called Generation IV reactors. Its content results from the official texts edited by the GIF forum, conferences papers and from published partial research results. In the paper there is a short mention about designed and developed reactors safety systems as well as the burnt out fuel task.

In the future it will be necessary to maintain the successive energy sources development, since living standard and industrial production are increasing. The nuclear power stations are being developed as part of this process. To allow acceptance of this problem by the general public it is necessary to maintain their perfect security and to precede the nuclear power outflow during fuel cycle. This paper focuses on the general nuclear dilemma in regard to the new generation nuclear power plant requirements.

This paper focuses on the nuclear power engineering state. Processed data in graph and table forms are presented. These show the nuclear power engineering development and current state. The electricity generation from nuclear power energy has not increased as rapidly as was predicted.

The error minimization of the measured data in the nuclear power plants technological processes can be carried out by various tools. The collaboration of a model and an original system is well known in the processes of regulation circuits' control syntheses. However the validation allows increasing the robustness and safety of the operation thanks to its attributes, it can also show the results in the economy and operation evaluation field. The validated data have consistent predicate ability to the chosen criterion intent that they optimally meet the measured values and so the model relation. Then the processed data are reliable inputs to the regulation and information systems. Besides this paper deals with the description of a different estimator construction for the technological process in the nuclear power plant, it also focuses on the evaluation of applicable numerical method and data validation roles in the systems of measurement and control of the nuclear power plant.

A positive access to the nuclear power plants is raising at present. Except economical and environmental aspects also the increasing total quality and security of their operation has a share in that.

The article deals problem about exploatation of transmutors in Czech Republic power engineering