Ing. Michaela Makešová

Recently, decarbonisation and decentralisation trends have emerged in the energy and heating sector, leading to a transformation of the entire sector. In response to the shift away from traditional large energy sources, an interesting phenomenon is emerging - the development of shared energy production among end-users.

In addition to decarbonisation, decentralisation is one of the main trends in the energy sector in recent times. In the context of the shift away from large sources, an interesting trend is emerging - the sharing of energy production among consumers. From shared sources in apartment buildings to community-wide projects, energy communities are becoming a key phenomenon.

Photovoltaics (PV) are an integral part of the climate neutrality transition; aside from reducing fossil fuel consumption, they provide additional and impactful private and societal benefits. When purchasing PV, the decision-making of small investors is a complex process. We investigate how households decide to invest in PV on rooftops. From a sample of over 2500 respondents, we found that while personal financial benefits are the primary motivation for acquiring PV plants, other variables, such as production independence and ecological benefits were almost equally important. The factor analysis revealed four latent motivation factors that drive the decision-making: economic, technical, ecological, and surroundings. Additionally, households are not fully homogenous in their decision-making. Education, income, and age influenced the attribution of importance the respondents gave to the specific factors. Conversely, the settlement size was not a strong predictor of the decision-making. The results imply the need for diversified policy design across different groups of investors.

Renewable energy sources (RES) are one of the main ways of the transition towards carbon neutrality, especially in the energy sector. Although their share has increased significantly over the last decade, for timely and efficient departure from fossil fuels, their more significant development is still needed. The development of RES entails a number of effects (impacts) which can be primarily classified as into direct and indirect ones. In addition to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental and economic benefits, the development of RES brings other indirect effects for individuals and society (socio-economic, environmental, health, etc.), so-called multiple effects. The paper analyses the motivations of private investors in the acquisition of small PV systems (on the roofs of houses) and focuses in particular on how these small investors (households) incorporate the following multiple effects into their decision-making. The results of our sample of respondents, which proved to be sufficiently statistically representative, show that (1) non-financial benefits, divided into personal and societal, are more important to investors in residential PV are significant and are mainly represented by environmental concerns (86% of respondents) and energy security (82% of respondents); (2) non-financial benefits are considered to the same extent as financial benefits; (3) investors are less concerned about the amount of current investment in relation to future cost savings; and (4) investors are increasingly willing to become active customers and actively influence their energy consumption and production.

Reaching climate neutrality by 2050 is one of the main long-term objectives of the European Union climate and energy policy, and renewable energy sources (RES) are integral parts of this transition. RES development results in many effects, direct and indirect, linked to each other, societal, local and individual, i.e., “multiple impacts of RES” (MI RES). These effects need to be carefully assessed and evaluated to obtain the full picture of energy field transformation and its context, and enable further development of RES. Nevertheless, the MI RES concept is often presented misleadingly and its scope varies throughout the literature. This paper provides a literature overview of the methodologies of this concept and presents a new concept of MI RES, respecting the difference between effects resulting from the implementation of RES and ultimate multiple impacts. We have summarized the effects into four groups: economic, social, environmental, and technical, which all lead to group of ultimate multiple impacts. Finally, we provide the complex overview of all MI RES and present the framework, which is used to analyze the multiple impacts and effects of RES and to show how the RES development leads and contributes to these impacts and effects. The concept is recommended to be considered in designing a robust energy policy by decision-makers.

This paper deals with current trends in the energy sector in connection with its transformation and in connection with the development of decentralized and renewable energy sources. Its aim is a basic overview of the situation in the Czech Republic in the field of smart grids and their implementation.

This paper deals with current trends in the energy sector in connection with its transformation in the field of smart grids and their implementation. This article is focused on the common consumers, their behavior and possibilities of influencing their consumption.

In December of 2018, process of adopting of new European regulatory energy framework was finished. New goals were set up and need to be reached. By 2030, the EU will have to cover 32 % of its energy consumption from renewable sources (RES) and meet the main energy efficiency target of 32.5 %. For fulfilling the targets it is necessary to properly set the combination of energy policy tools, which ensures the targeting in optimal way. This paper introduces the motivation why to concern about energy policy evaluation in the Czech Republic and presents actual situation in frame of European targets. The main objective of the paper is to briefly introduce development in renewables and savings field. © Technical University of Košice 2019.

The article introduces calculation of maximum capital amount which can be invested in the construction of wind power plants at specified five other factors affecting the economic efficiency of the business plan, such as the purchase price of electricity, the annual utilization hours of installed capacity, service life and specific operating costs.

Integration of highly volatile intermittent sources bring new tasks to be solved. One of the most important terms related to renewables integration is generation adequacy, which is the ability of the power system to match the load at all times. Broadly conceived, generation adequacy requires appropriate portfolio of sources considering all technical and economic aspects of all types of energy sources. Analysis of short-term variability of renewable production is only the first step of setting this optimal portfolio. This paper deals with short-term analysis of renewable production, focusing on two approaches. First, capacity factor analysis, which provides ratio of produced energy and installed capacity. This analysis is provided in two ways – year capacity factor and hourly capacity factor analysis. The main aim of paper lies in short-term variability of RES production analysis, which is provided by hourly gradient analysis. This paper introduces very first step of future research focusing on analysis of short-term variability of renewable production.

Renewable sources are very important sources in energy mix of EU. EU has set very ambitious targets of RES share and has set some opportunities to reach them for every country. One of the field is using renewables in power energy sector – in electricity production, which requires electricity subsidies. This paper aims to describe actual situation in renewables field in European Union, focusing on renewables subsidies. The situation has changed dramatically in recent time. Time progressed and the environment moved from the initial phase of the integration of renewable energy into grids to new phase. The new sources are becoming competitive and almost cost-effective even without state subsidy. That requires to find new ways to encourage investors and to support and subsidy the operation of renewable resources.

Integration of highly volatile intermittent sources bring new tasks to be solved. One of the most important terms related to renewables integration is generation adequacy, which is the ability of the power system to match the load at all times. Broadly conceived, generation adequacy requires appropriate portfolio of sources considering all technical and economic aspects of all types of energy sources. Analysis of short-term variability of renewable production is only the first step of setting this optimal portfolio.

Integration of highly volatile intermittent sources bring new tasks to be solved. One of the most important terms related to renewables integration is generation adequacy, which is the ability of the power system to match the load at all times. Broadly conceived, generation adequacy requires appropriate portfolio of sources considering all technical and economic aspects of all types of energy sources. Analysis of short-term variability of renewable production is only the first step of setting this optimal portfolio. This paper deals with short-term analysis of renewable production, focusing on two approaches. First, capacity factor analysis, which provides ratio of produced energy and installed capacity. This analysis is provided in two ways – year capacity factor and hourly capacity factor analysis. The main analysis of paper lies in short-term variability of RES production analysis, which is provided by hourly gradient analysis. This paper introduces very first step of future research focusing on analysis of short-term variability of renewable production. The main aim of this paper lies in discussion and comparison of German and Czech renewable variability and its impact on generation adequacy.

Integration of highly volatile intermittent sources bring new tasks to be solved. One of the most important terms related to renewables integration is generation adequacy, which is the ability of the power systém to match the load at all times. Broadly conceived, generation adequacy requires appropriate portfolio of sources considering all technical and economic aspects of all types of energy sources. Analysis of short-term variability of renewable production is only the first step of setting this optimal portfolio. This paper deals with short-term analysis of renewable production, focusing on two approaches. First, capacity factor analysis, which provides ratio of produced energy and installed capacity. This analysis is provided in two ways – year capacity factor and hourly capacity factor analysis. The main analysis of paper lies in short-term variability of RES production analysis, which is provided by hourly gradient analysis. This paper introduces very first step of future research focusing on analysis of short-term variability of renewable production. The main aim of this paper lies in discussion and comparison of German and Czech renewable variability and its impact on generation adequacy.

This paper deals with renewable sources integration in power generation. This integration has many consequences and negative impacts due to the nature of renewables (especially high variability and dependence on external factors) and also poses many questions to solve. This research presents concept of virtual power plant based on idea of aggregation of different sources. This concept is evaluated on case study and at the end of paper broadly discussed.

This article deals with the description of situation of renewables in Europe. Due to the increasing share of RES in electricity production the negative consequences of this integration increases. This article focuses on possible solutions - the concept of virtual power plants - and widely analyzes it. VPP concept can be understood in two ways, which are discussed in detail. Both ways use the idea of reducing variability of resources by aggregation that is proven to particular dataset from the production of renewable energy. Paper also provides broad discussion about the possible use of VPP in practice and makes an insight into other ways to deal with the integration of renewable energy sources. VPP is just one of the ways to integrate renewable energy sources and it shows that it is necessary to look for other options that are at the end of the paper described and discussed.

The integration of new renewable energy sources in large scale, especially intermittent ones, into the existing power grids has become nowadays one of the biggest challenges for the energy sector. The increasing electricity production from RES is causing significant problems within the power grid and several EU states have already introduced various restrictions on further intermittent RES development. These problems result mainly from the low predictability and high volatility of electricity production and they do not affect only the stability of power grid but also the price of electricity on the market as well as the needed amount of system and auxiliary services. Therefore future benefits from successful RES integration can be extensive. One promising way how to integrate and even promote RES and its future development is detailed analysis of production diagram and then the concept of virtual power plant.

The integration of new renewable energy sources in large scale, especially intermittent ones, into the existing power grids has become nowadays one of the biggest challenges for the energy sector. The increasing electricity production from RES is causing significant problems within the power grid and several EU states have already introduced various restrictions on further intermittent RES development. These problems result mainly from the low predictability and high volatility of electricity production and they do not affect only the stability of power grid but also the price of electricity on the market as well as the needed amount of system and auxiliary services. Therefore future benefits from successful RES integration can be extensive. One promising way how to integrate and even promote RES and its future development is detailed analysis of production diagram and then the concept of virtual power plant.

Abstract. This article deals with the description of situation in the European electricity markets, which have recently changed dramatically. In recent years these markets have been liberalized and also renewable resources have been widely installed in Europe. In this context we can observe a significant shift of volume of traded elektricity from long-term markets to short-term markets, and also a price reduction of the market price of electricity, but the overall rise in electricity prices for the end customer. In connection with new objectives of the European Union in the field of renewable energy sources it can be assumed that the effects of the integration of renewable energy sources will deepen. One way to cope with the negative effects of the integration of renewable energy sources is a thorough analysis of the power production diagram and also accurate identification of factors that influence the shape of this diagram. Just so we are able to cope with the integration of renewable energy sources, and using this knowledge, for example, we can aggregate these power sources into a single portfolio. This concept is called the concept of „virtual power plant” and is one of the ways to effectively deal with the integration of renewable energy sources.

Currently, electricity from renewable sources has global importance that is supposed to grow in next years. The integration of these resources entails many advantages but in the other hand causes many issues. In the Czech Republic, the most discussed topic of integrated renewable sources is so-called solar boom that occurred in 2009-2010. Setting up the environment caused a large increase in installed capacity in solar power and caused a number of problems, among them reduction of stability or distortions in the electricity market. At first this article seeks to describe and explain the evolution of the situation both in terms of installed capacity and grid and in terms of the electricity market. At second the current situation and small preview of the future is described. This article also outlines some options that could lead to an improvement in the situation (for example, the concept of virtual power plants).

The integration of new renewable energy sources in large scale, especially intermittent ones, into the existing power grids has become nowadays one of the biggest challenges for the energy sector. The increasing electricity production from RES is causing significant problems within the power grid and several EU states have already introduced various restrictions on further intermittent RES development. These problems result mainly from the low predictability and high volatility of electricity production and they do not affect only the stability of power grid but also the price of electricity on the market as well as the needed amount of system and auxiliary services.Therefore future benefits from successful RES integration can be extensive. One promising way how to integrate and even promote RES and its future development is the concept of virtual power plant.