Ing. Miroslav Vítek, CSc.

Electricity can be seen as the highest energy form wich is used by human society. In order to use its resources efficiently, energy must be stored. Pumped storage hydroelectric power plants are an efficient storage of alternating current electricity with simple return of investment 5 -12 years.

In the first part, the paper evaluates the efficiency of displacing the generation at a coal-fired power plant with wind power generation of the same total installed capacity as the existing coal-fired power plant in a nearby location.

Price development on the European electricity markets have sharply increased the efficiency of pumped storage hydro-power plants, which act as a battery of alternating current electricity in electricity grids. The paper also answers the question of where to build new PS hydro-plants without the threat of the NIMBY effect.

The article provides information on the economic efficiency of disconnecting from the local heating system and acquiring and operating one's own gas boiler room in a cooperative block of flats. The data are for the past 10 years of operation. However, the situation will change in the future due to the high price of gas.

The treatment and disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most important and critical issues of wastewater treatment plants. One option for sludge liquidation is the production of fuel in the form of pellets from mixed sewage and paper mill sludge. This study presents the results of the combustion of pelletized fuels, namely sewage and paper mill sludge, and their 2:1 and 4:1 blends in a fluidized bed combustor. The flue gas was analysed after reaching a steady state at bed temperatures of 700–800 °C. Commonly used flue gas cleaning is still necessary, especially for SO2; therefore, it is worth mentioning that the addition of paper mill sludge reduced the mercury concentration in the flue gas to limits acceptable in most EU countries. The analysis of ash after combustion showed that magnesium, potassium, calcium, chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, and lead remained mostly in the ash after combustion, while all cadmium from all fuels used was transferred into the flue gas together with a substantial part of chlorine and mercury. The pellets containing both sewage and paper mill sludge can be used as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel for fluidised bed combustion. The levelized cost of this alternative fuel is at the same current price level as lignite. © 2022 by the authors.

The current high prices of electricity in Central Europe are caused by the need to utilize gas-fired power plants, and especially combined cycle power plants. Alternatively, pumped-storage hydroelectricity could help not only to cover demand peaks but also to store surplus energy. Moreover, at today's prices such facilities can have a payback period of only a few years.

The paper deals with the estimation of long-term marginal costs for the replacement of a shutdown unit in a nuclear power plant. This is a cost comparison of a new nuclear power plant meeting stricter safety requirements or a combination of a wind and pumped storage plant.

Article deals with increasing in the value of electricity produced by the wind power plant by using most of the wind energy to re-draw the water from the hydropower equalizing tank up into the main tank. Here it can be used to produce high-quality peak electricity in the existing turbines of the dam.

The article introduces calculation of maximum capital amount which can be invested in the construction of wind power plants at specified five other factors affecting the economic efficiency of the business plan, such as the purchase price of electricity, the annual utilization hours of installed capacity, service life and specific operating costs.

The prerequisite for the further development of intermittent RES is the sufficient capacity of the accumulators of electric energy. The classic option is the construction of other pumping hydroelectric power plants. However, the problem is the lack of sites.

The paper deals with the possibilities of using the 450 MHz radio band for mutual communication and duplex transmission of data between the elements of the distribution network in the concept of Smart Metering and later also the Smart Grids. The introduction of these concepts should help to balance the generation and consumption of electricity in the distribution system. Increasing share of intermittent sources of electricity using wind and sun on the installed capacity of power plants in the power system changes the fundamental paradigm of the economy of the power engineering. Instead of adjustment (control) instantaneous power sources according to the current electricity consumption started operative adjustment of consumption according to the instantaneous power of intermittent sources. It is the aim of the concept of Smart Grids where the price motivated consumers to adapt to intermittent production without sacrificing his comfort. In order to ensure the transfer of information not only from the control center to the consumers but also mainly from the consumers to the control center (duplex), it is necessary to ensure high-quality information connections.

This contribution focuses on new possibilities for balancing generation and load in an electrical power system. The ever increasing proportion of intermittent power sources (wind and solar) in the power system changes the basic paradigm of power engineering economics whereby instead of adjusting generation output to the demand at the time, the focus is shifting towards adjusting consumption based on the output of intermittent generation. That is the goal of the so-called smart grids, where the consumer will be adapting to intermittent generation by responding to price signals. In spite of or rather because of this, there will still be (at the moment, more and more) the need for power sources and appliances that will, at the dispatcher’s request, quickly increase or decrease generation or instead of generators become consumers, i.e. their technical parameters enable them to maintain balance between generation and consumption and network frequency within set limits. On the generation side, these are primarily gas turbines and closed cycle gas turbines, pumped storage hydro stations, heat plants with turbines equipped with heat accumulators or accumulating heat into a heat distribution network and networks of CHPs (combined heat and power) also with heat accumulators supplying heat into buildings in a wide area, but centrally controlled. The paper concentrates on a location of an active lignite quarry in the northwest of the Czech Republic, where the interests of nature protection would not be affected. From an economical perspective, in the case of a pumped storage hydro station, capital expenditure is key and therefore the paper also includes an assessment of the economic viability of the project, through the valuation of the effects resulting from the provision of ancillary services to the transmission system.

The paper deals with the operational management of the power system, with regard to the need to ensure the balance between production and consumption of electric power at every instance. The effect of intermittent energy sources exploiting the wind and the sun and their growing share of the installed power input in the power system requires the installation of such power plants, which are able by its technical parameters to maintain a power balance influencing the grid frequency within prescribed limits. One possibility is to utilize the advantages of pumped-storage power plants as classical and proven method of storing electric energy in the power system. They are mostly designed and built in mountainous areas, which allow utilizing the differences in altitude in landscape, which usually gives rise to the protest of environmentalists and local inhabitants. The article deals with one particular locality, which arises by excavating brown coal in northwestern Bohemia, near the German border. This location minimizes public opposition against the project because environmental, energy, economic and social effects are in compliance. From the economic point of view, in case of the pumped-storage power plants, capital expenditures are determining, and therefore, one part of the article is devoted to assessment of the economic efficiency of the project, i.e. the evaluation of the effects resulting from the share of ancillary services for the transmission power system.

The article proposes an alternative to the ongoing energy use of the locality after closure in the form of a water reclamation to quarry for damming the possibility of pumping water, and the accumulation of power in Northern Bohemia.

Pumped storage power plant (PSP) work in Power Sysstem (PS) as acummulator of AC. It is source and/or also consum appliance, wich do not produce the electrical energy „like new“ by change from other primary energy form, i.e. by change from chemical energy of fuel, but only electrical power „transports in time“ from period of power surplus into period of power lack. It is proposed using of floded exhausting lignite mine pit in Nothern Bohemia in frame of lanscape recultivation.

The paper discusses the function of pumped storage power plants in the power system as an accumulator of alternating-current power, a source and also an electric appliance which does not produce electricity by conversion from other forms of primary energy, e.g., conversion from chemical energy of fuel, but only shifts this electricity in time from periods of surplus to periods of deficiency during the re-pumping cycle.

The paper compares the AC versus DC in terms of their suitability for universal electrification. The history of elections is a frequency of 50 Hz in Europe. Today's problems with circular flows across our transmission system could solve HVDC lines across borders. There is indicated the possibility to reconstruct a system of 220 kV HVDC, or even a system of 400 kV, but it would be too capital intensive and possible operational benefits would outweigh these costs.

Appreciation of radio spectrum on the basis of the opportunity cost for the purpose of selling the rights to use frequency band for mobile communications operator in the Czech Republic without auction.

Hydrogen is considered like environmentally friendly energy carrier. The article deals with the possibilities of intd energx use, especially from economical point of view.

The paper deals with the long run marginal cost estimation of the compensation of the cancelled output units in nuclear power plant usinng wind or photovoltaic plants. This outage can be substituted variable: 1) combination of wind and pumped-storage power plant 2) combination of photovoltaic and pumped-storage power plant 3) combination of wind and gas turbine 4) combination of photovoltaic and combinated gas and steam cycle power plant or, where appropriate 5) new nuclear power plant. The estimation is made by using the method of LRMC calculated by the method of the representatives.

This paper will quantify the estimation of the future cost of electricity after a closure of German nuclear power plants by the year 2022. This closure would result in the loss of 21 GW, which represents in a German power grid a loss of approximately 140 TWh. The estimation will be done by the Long Run Marginal Cost (LMRC) method, developed at the Czech Technical University in Prague (CVUT) using representative values, in which the marginal costs are considered equal to the measured costs at the power plants which would be built in the future to cover the energy shortage.

This paper discusses the estimation of LRMC of compensation for perfomance of offline units in nuclear power plant. This outage is covered in various way: 1) a combination of wind and pumped power plants 2) a combination of wind and PCC power plants 3) a new nuclear power plant. The estimation is performed using the method of Long Run Marginal Cost calculated by representatives.

The paper deals with the valuation of permanently renegade nuclear power plants to be replaced by renewable energy source type of sun, wind, water. The Long Run Marginal Cost is used for evaluation, which is calculated by the method of Representatives. We will consider the substituting power plants data of their best available types.

The chapter explains the importance of GDP and GDP per capita for international comparisons of national economies. Furthermore, the forecasts are given GDP by 2015 Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Russia, USA, China and India.

The paper deals about economical efficiency of electricity accumulation.

the paper gives knowleges from the four year long operation of Opel Zafira 1,6 CNG from 2007 and 120 000 km running. There are given mainly economical results and several hands-on experiences from trips with this car.

The paper deals with economic efficiency of using direct current in the context of decentralization in the electricity grid, use of unstable renewable energy sources and in connection with development of electricity trading, which is moved in large volumes across long distances by commercial agreements that ignore the physical characteristics of electricity networks. The question is the reconstruction of Czech Power Transit System on DC by principle of HVDC from economical point of view. Existing 220kV system after reconstruction on HVDC would be the core of future pan european Super Grid.

The paper deals with the reconstruction of power transit system on DC and on the other side the calculation of net present value of device for DC accumulation at small consumer. The effect is based on different price of electricity at day and night. In opposite are the outlays to installation of battery and other devices with certain livetime.

Method evaluates radio spectrum on base achieved yield by using natural source with by virtue of opportunity cost.

Textbook is concentrated on basic calculation of examples in micro and macroeconomics which is important for understanding of more complicated calculations and analyses.

In the paper is compared specific transport cost of electrical cable with specific cost of natural gas pipe. Specific cost of pipe is lower then cost of electrical cable. However total cost of energy consumption more influences price of energy medium (electricity or gas) and outlay on ending consumer devices. From this point of view in this time the double way of energy delivery is the best frequently used.

Increasing rate of wind power plant in installed capacity of power system brings big problems for system operation. Unpredictable delivery of electric power from wind farms causes difficulties for control of currents in system and presents the black-out danger in power system. The damages from electricity shortage can be greater than benefit which wind power plant bears. Economical value of electricity from wind is equal only variable cost (fuel cost) of coal combusting power plant (approximately 0,6 CZK/kWh). Better solution of unsecured power delivery from wind power plant appears using suitable energy accumulator for example like water reservoir. We can arrange the wind plant to work in autonomous run into pump for take water up to upper reservoir at hydropower plant. Hydropower plant subsequently supplies the power into system according the consumption diagram curve. The paper deals about economical evaluation of cooperation wind and hydropower plant set forth above.

Revenue prognosis is a base problem of business plan variant schedule in each branch. Success of business plan depends on quality of revenue prognosis. It is useful explain a customer willingness to pay through the use of demand curve like is a base market characteristic explaining dependence of demand quantity on selling product price. That curve is possible to design like a price function of good quantity P = f(Q) with the aid of market research questionary and on the base of knowledge this curve plus curve of average and marginal cost of business plan to optimize production quantity for profit maximization. The real demand curve is suit purpose for revenue estimation at least in short or middle long run. This paper brings a procedure of questionary interpretation with an example of factual numerical data of mobile communications.

Hydrogen like a clean energy carrier is future fuel. This paper deals about hydrogen opportunities across the energy sector from economical point of view. Main attention is focused on hydrogen like energy accumulator. Hydrogen storability opens up the new way for usage of volatile (renewable) energy source (wind, sun). Paper appends by proposal of optimal conversion from carbon to hydrogen energy system and example of the small village supply by electricity and heat from wind by hydrogen medium.

Radiospectrum evaluation is based on capital earn of communication business which using spectrum in compare with common capital earn in economy.

Textbook is concentrated on basic calculation economics examples in micro and macroeconomics which is important for understanding complicated consideration and calculation.

Electricity consumption as the highest form of energy increases in the long run. However with the context of the global warming and climate changes on Earth, it is necessary to decrease carbon dioxide emissions coming mainly from the combustion of fossil fuels. For that reason power utilities but also small electricity producers are interested in possible electricity production from renewable energy sources (RES). A question appearing for businessmen in the energy branch is follwing: to how extend does it pay off to invest in developing or reconstructing a plant producing electricity from RES? The question is easy and the businessmen wants simple answer - maximum amount of money they will obtain from the investment in RES installation during a certain time (payback period) with the required rate of return (or return on investment).

Identification of the market price for the natural source requires existence of the market or the relevant natural source demand and supply. The spectrum cannot be valued better by anybody else than by a business or another entity that uses or needs the radio spectrum for its business activity. It is a matter of obtaining information that is often subject to trade secret of particular entities. In despite of this fact, it is possible to design a method enabling at least an approximate estimate of the market value of the spectrum, even in the period before establishment of the relevant market segment, i.e. before launch of the ST, too. This method estimates the spectrum value on the basis of comparison with the opportunity cost.

The electric power is specific its' unstorability. Production and consumption must bee balanced. It is the reason for the consistent separation of fixed and variable costs, witch are basis of the customer price.

Paper deals with effectivity calculation of power plant and descripts how the marginal investment value depents on electricity redemption price, plant lifetime, discont rate, operating cost, nominal power value of plant and their year utilization factor.

The paper is focussed on possibilities resulted from demand curve use, especially for the need of single description of demand side market of household electricity consumers. Demand curve can be a very a useful tool for an optimal sales quantity statement in cases of price regulation or for tariff settings in free market conditions. Knowledge and usage of demand curve (in certain time period and in certain area) gives can be advantage for distribution companies and electricity businessmen.

The demand curve gives brief review on potential electric energy consumption in a certain segment of consumers in dependence o on offered price. Knowing these procedures enables to create active marketing policy towards consumers, for example by rationalization of existing tariff system. Distribution companies and electricity businessmen can achieve higher profit and consumers can be more satisfied in case the demand curve will be use.

For forecast of future revenue from electricity sales in energy business plan is demand quantity on electricity price knowlege favourable. The paper deals about desing of the demand curve from data of electricity consumers.

Paper dealth with problem of definition and financing universal telecommunication service from point of wiev existing advanced electronic communications brand. It is proposed restriction of universal service and finacing from public source for these peaple wich can not allowed of using service from social reason.

The paper deals with energy and power characteristics of consummer load curve, which are important for appreciation of electric consum. Special attention is given to calculation of changebility load factor

Paper dealt with criterion of economy efficiency of internet connection

Methodology for the choice of optimal type of internet connection

Paper dealt with economic optimal design of internal diameter of pipe for transport liquid fuel or heatpipe.

Marginal cost calculation using method of representants

The paper describes the way of calculation of Long Rung Marginal Cost in Central Heating Supply System by method of Representants.

Economical calculations for purpose of economical efficiency of business plans in Power Industry - LRMC, Daily Diagram of Load, Specific Revenue, criteria of economical efficiency.

Presentation of PC programs MarNakl (LRMC), Diagram (Load Curve), Měrné Tržby (Specific Revenue), Efina (economical efficiency of business plans)

Tariff system for telephone service could be determin on base of long run marginal cost of network operator

Paper gives starting information for theoretical proceedure of tariff schedule according to cost of telecommunication network operator.

Calculation of connection fee and periodical fixed charge

Paper dealts with cost of network operator from point of view of tariff scheme

Tariff component depending on quantity of service using

Organizační modely elektrizační soustavy ČR